Excellent Result for RHCVA Exam: A Great Start for 2011

Yet another moment of joy and levity for the whole IPSR family. We secured 100% result for the RHCVA exam held for first time at Trivandrum Branch on 24th January 2011. Ritesh Kumar, Sujith S J, Renjith Alex Koshy, Raj Kishore are the four students who passed RHCVA exam. Adding sweet to this success, Renjith Alex Koshy got 100% score.  

RHCVA, which is an advanced level certification for virtualization administrators, deals with various hands-on skills assessments. Getting a pass for such exam is really a brain teaser task. Full credit goes to Mr. Mojan  K Iype who is the first RHCVA certified IPSR faculty.

In this scintillating moment we wish all of you hearty congratulations. 

Hear what they all have to say about IPSR:

"It was good experience studying in IPSR Trivandrum. IPSR has very Coperative team including Co-ordinator to Faculty. He clarifies all our doubts and teaches in friendly manner. Here we get not only certification but also good knowledge. I was fortunate to have a very good batch mates. They help me in all possible ways. Thank you IPSR...."

Ritesh Kumar
Asst.Director(Systems)
Petroleum Federation Of India
New Delhi

"The overall experience was really good. IPSR teaches their students in best way. Compared to other training institutes, IPSR is unique in infrastructure, training and lab facilities. Our trainer who was so talented and skilled always made sure that students understand each and everything he teaches. All the people at IPSR were really co-operative."

Raj Kishore
Enrst& Young

"My First experience in IPSR is so good. Faculty for RHCVA is superb. I would like to appreciate Mr. Mojan  K Iype who was always ready to clear our doubts. With excellent classes, dedicated trainers and lab facilities one can easily achieve their goals. I really enjoyed my Red Hat training at IPSR.”

Sujith S J
ISRO Trivandrum

Deputy Manger of Reliance Communications Becomes 36th RHCSS from IPSR

IPSR is once again elated with outstanding success story. By producing one more RHCSS, total number of RHCSS certified IPSRians has crossed 36. Mr. Gopikrishnan.G, Deputy Manager, Reliance Communications is the new face in IPSR RHCSS group. He is also an RHCE from IPSR.

IPSR extends our hearty congratulations.

Here is what Mr. Gopikrishnan got to say about his experience at IPSR:

“Let me express my sincere thanks to IPSR for helping me to achieve my RHCSS certification. I have done my CCNA and RHCE also from IPSR. Training which IPSR provides is really good. Lab facilities are really up to the mark. My special thanks to Sarath Sir, Mojan Sir and Reji Sir. They took classes which were really appreciable. Since I'm working in Data Centre, security is the prime concern, the RHCSS training which I got from IPSR helped me a lot in my work and to accelerate the security part of the servers. I would like to come again to IPSR for my future certifications. My special thanks to Benila Mam and all other staffs at IPSR.”

CCIE Study Guide: IPv6 Notes

IPv6 is a very hot topic these days, as the availability of IPv4 is coming to an end. The third part of our CCIE Study Guide Series and provides useful notes about IPv6.

• 128 bit addresses – eight 16bit hex fields
• Native support for mobile IP and IPSec
• Headers – 8

Version = 6
Traffic class = equivalent to IPv4 type of service
Flow label = allows packet to be labeled as part of a particular flow
Payload length = equivalent to the IPv4 total length field
Hop limit = similar to TTL
Next header = similar to the IPv4 protocol field
Source address/destination address = 128 bits each!

• Zero Compression

A double colon can be written to represent a block of zeros within the IP address.
Can only be used once in a given IPv6 address
Ex: 1234:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:3456:3456
Ex: 1234:1234::3456:3456

• Leading Zero Compression

Leading zeros in each field can be eliminated
Can be used as many times as you’d like in a given address
Ex: 1234:1234:0000:0000:0000:0001:3456:3456
Ex: 1234:1234:0:0:0:1:3456:3456
Leading Zero and Zero compression can be used together

• Ex: 1234:1234:0000:0000:0000:0001:3456:3456
• Ex: 1234:1234::1:3456:3456

• Address types

Aggregatable global unicast address

• Equal to IPv4 public address. This is a world routable address

Link local address

• These addresses are specific to the physical link. I’m thinking this works similar to APIPA addresses in IPv4

Site local address

• This is equivalent to RFC 1918 addresses in IPv4

• Initial bit identifiers

001 – global addresses
1111 1111 – multicast (FF) ff00::/8
1111 1110 11 – site local (FEC0)
1111 1110 10 – link local (FE80)
1111 1110 1 – signifies private IP space
::x.x.x.x – IPv4 compatible address. The first 96 bits are set to 0
::1 – loopback addresses equivalent to 127.0.0.1
::/128 – unspecified address
::/0 – default route/address

• SLA – site level aggregator works similar to an IPv4 subnet address

16 bits offering up to 65,000 subnets

• Packet types

Unicast – one to one communication
Multicast – one to many or many to one communication
Anycast – anycast addresses are assigned to multiple interfaces. When a host sends an anycast packet, it is received by the nearest member of the group only.

• Address assignments

IPv6 auto configuration is equal to IPv4 DHCP

• Two types – stateful and stateless
• Stateful – DHCPv6
• Stateless – no server is used

         • I believe this works by the host sending a request to the local router/gateway and getting certain information from there.
         • Router solicitation and advertisement messages similar to NS/NA messages below. Sent to FF02::2 (all routers multicast)

Neighbor solicitation message is sent to make sure there are no dupes on a local segment. NS is multicast to FF02::1 (all nodes multicast)
Neighbor advertisement message is sent in response to an NS to inform of any dupes

• IPv6 Routing

Ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration command must be entered to use IPv6 in Cisco IOS
OSPFv3 – RFC 2740

• Router ID has to be manually set under the OSPFv3 process. This is still a 32 bit value
• R1(config-if)# ipv6 ospf process id area 0
• R1(config)# ipv6 router ospf 1
• R1(config-rtr)# router-id x.x.x.x
• R1(config-rtr)# Pay attention to the router config prompt!!!!

RIPng – RIP new generation
IS-IS for IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6
Static routing
Multi Protocol BGPv4 (MPBGP4 or just MPBGP)

• IPv6 and IPv4 playing together

Dual stack – equipment runs both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. I never really thought of this, but is there a metric or preference for systems running dual stack? For instance, if host 1 and host 2 were both running dual stacks, would they prefer one over the other?

6 to 4 tunneling – automatic, scalable, not always up.

• This is used to tunnel IPv6 traffic over an IPv4 link
• Reserved prefix of 2002:IPv4inhex::/48
• R1(config)#interface fa 0/1
• # ip addr 220.200.18.42 255.255.255.0
• # interface tunnel 0
• # ipv6 addr 2002:dcc8:112a::/48

NAT-PT

• Allows IPv6 hosts to talk to IPv4 hosts using NAT between the two.
  
  We are preparing some notes about how to configure NAT and hope to bring them to you soon.

Previous posts in our CCIE Study Guide Series were:

• EIGRP
• OSPF

574th RHCE batch at Kottayam

A new RHCE batch started today, 19th Jan 2011, at the Kottayam branch of IPSR. This is our 574th batch. Currently, IPSR is offering RHCE training compatible with RHEL 5 and RHEL 6. All the batch members are B.Tech students. Three of them have come to Kerala just for the course.

Rajeev S. from Trichy joined IPSR Kottayam insisting he wanted to study at the Corporate Centre of the institute. He has done a Diploma and B.E., and is currently employed as a Network Administrator. Tom Thomas is a B.Tech holder working in Chennai. He is a native of Kottayam. Jephin George Philip is a native of Chengannur, and is working as an IT coordinator in Qatar.

Adil Ahamed recommends IPSR to all

Having heard of IPSR’s reputation in the field of Linux training, Mr. Adil Ahamed A. was more than happy to travel all the way from UAE to attend his RHCE training. A native of Kasargod, he is a Network Administrator in VZONE International, UAE. Adil completed his RHCE early this month with a triumphant 100%.

He had this to say,

I am very happy to say that I completed my RHCE training and certification from IPSR. Experienced teachers with deep knowledge and helpful attitude, well acquainted labs gave me a very good learning experience. Mr. Sanju Raj conducted my training; it was highly educative and I am very thankful to him for introducing me to the world of penguins and creating a desire to learn more. I wish IPSR family all the very best and I recommend them for you all.

With January coming to a close, IPSR is all set to start RHCE on RHEL 6, the latest platform of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. More about RHEL 6 can be found at RHEL 6 FAQs.

RHCVA, now at Trivandrum!!

Our new branch at Trivandrum started its first RHCVA batch on 17th January 2011. IPSR Trivandrum is just a month old; thank you for the great support.

There are four students attending this much sought after certification program for linux virtualization administrators.

Mr. Ritesh Kumar, Mr. Sujith S. J., Mr. Renjith Alex Koshy and Mr. Raj Kishore are the four attending the course. Mr. Ritesh has come all the way from Delhi to attend the 4-day bootcamp. Mr. Sujith and Mr. Renjith are natives of Perrorkada, Trivandrum while Mr. Raj is from Alappuzha.

CCIE Study Guide: OSPF Notes

This is the second title in our CCIE Study Guide Series, which shall provide some useful guidelines that help to learn about OSPF.

•    Two tier hierarchical design
•    Dijkstra’s algorithm – shortest path first

Used to calculate best paths to destinations
Based on link state database
Each router in OSPF runs SPF itself

•    OSPF neighbor table – Adjacency Database
•    OSPF topology table – OSPF topology DB – LSDB
•    Routing table – Forwarding DB
•    Two area types

Transit – backbone – area 0
Regular – user access – all other areas
All regular areas must connect to area 0
Areas minimize routing tables
Localize impact of topology changes
Stop detailed LSA floods at area boundaries

•    ABR – area backbone router

Functions as default route or default path out of area
Separates LSA flood zones
Connects multiple areas

•    DR/BDR – designated router / backup designated router

Multicast address for DR/BDR 224.0.0.6
All other routers on network form adjacency with DR/BDR
LSA’s are only exchanged with these two
All other routers called DROTHERs
Elected by highest priority (default priority is 1)

•  Priority zero cannot be elected DR/BDR

•    Ip ospf priority {#} interface command

• Changing DR/BDR priority to zero takes effect immediately
• Changing priority on DROTHER to something else has no effect until re-election
• If tie in priority, highest router-ID (active IP interface) is used to break tie

Any new routers brought onto the network will form full adjacency with dr/bdr and two way state with other neighbors.
hanging priority to zero on a DR/BDR will take effect immediately.

•    ASBR

Connects the OSPF AS to an outside AS
Redistribution point

•    Five OSPF Packet types

Hello – discover and building adjacency
Hello packets are sent every 10 seconds on multi access networks
Dead interval is 4 times hello interval
Database description – DBD/DDP – checks for db synchronization
Link-state request – requests specific link-state records
Link-state update – response to LSR
Link-state ack – acknowledges other packet types

•    Operational States

 Down
Init state – routers multicast initial hello (224.0.0.5)
Two way – routers send unicast hellos listing neighbors
Exstart – master/slave relationship established with DR/BDR
Exchange – DDPs are exchanged
Loading – LSRs for specific networks
Full – all LSDBs are synchronized with DR/BDR.  Routers are able to route traffic

•    Communication

224.0.0.5 multicast to everyone
224.0.0.6 multicast to DR/BDR
LSAcks are sent unicast
LSDB summaries are multicast every 30 minutes

•     Entries have a max life of 60 minutes

32 bit sequence numbers are used for link-state advertisements

• The sequence number can be seen with the “show ip ospf database” command

Loopback interfaces are recommended for stability and RID

•  RID can be manually set using router-id router configuration command

•    If RID was set with loopback, a router reboot is required for the router-id command to take effect
•    If RID was set with router-id  command, it can be changed with “clear ip ospf process” command
•    Network Types

•     Point to Point

Multicast 224.0.0.5 to discover neighbors
No DR/BDR
ip unnumbered is possible over point to point links
10/40 hello/dead interval

 

• Broadcast

DR/BDR are the central point of contact in the network

• Non broadcast multi-access

By default, OSPF cannot form neighbor adjacencies
DR/BDR elections become crucial

•    Hub/spoke, not all spoke sites can communicate directly

Three topologies

•    Full mesh – costly, requires separate VC’s for connectivity between each site
•    Partial mesh
•    Star – hub/spoke

•     Modes of operation

•    Ip ospf network {mode} interface command
•    Broadcast – Cisco Proprietary

WAN links are treated like LAN interfaces
Multicast hello for discover
Full/partial mesh

•    Non broadcast – RFC Compliant

One IP subnet for all spokes
Neighbors are manually configured
DR/BDR is also manually rigged/configured to insure connectivity to DR

•    Point to multi-point – RFC Compliant

Multicast hello for discover
No DR/BDR (requires additional LSAs)
Mesh/star

•    point to multi-point non broadcast – Cisco Proprietary

Used in place of P2MP where broadcasts and multicast are disabled
Neighbors are manually configured

•    point to point – Cisco Proprietary

Different IP subnet on each interface
No DR/BDR elected or needed
LAN or WAN interface

•    Default Modes

Point to point FR – point to point mode
Multipoint FR (subinterfaces) – non broadcast
main FR interface – non broadcast

 
•    NB mode neighbor configuration

Neighbor {ip} priority {# default 0} poll-interval {#} cost {1-65535} database-filter all

mode	prefer topo	subnet	hello timer	adjacency	RFC	example
bcast	Full/partial	Same	10 sec	Auto DR	Cisco	LAN
non bcast	Full/partial	Same	30 sec	Manual DR	RFC	FR
p2mp	Partial/star	Same	30 sec	Auto no DR	RFC	FR bcast
p2mp nb	Partial/star	Same	30 sec	Manual	Cisco	FR nbcast
p2p	Partial/star	Diff	10 sec	Auto no DR	Cisco	serial/sub

•    LSA Types

• Router LSA – type 1

IntraArea LSA generated by every router in the area.  Advertises link states.  The LSID = RID of originator

• Network LSA – type 2

Network LSA generated for Multiaccess networks
Generated by DR – LSID = RID of DR

• Summary LSA – type 3

Summary advertisements generated by ABR
Summarizes type 1 LSAs from one area to another
Describes routes to area’s networks (aggregate routes)
LSID = destination network #
Not flooded to stubby, totally stubby, or not so stubby areas
Routes are NOT automatically summarized

• Summary LSA – type 4

Generated by ABR to advertise the presence of an ASBR.  ASBR sends type 1 with e-bit set to ID itself
Routes to ASBR
LSID = RID of describe ASBR
Not flooded to stubby, totally stubby, or not so stubby areas
Routes are NOT automatically summarized

• AS External LSA – type 5

Generated by ASBRs to advertise external networks and autonomous systems.  LSID = external network #
Contains all routes separately, unless manually summarized
ABRs pass type 5 LSAs on to the rest of the AS

• Multicast OSPF LSA – type 6

• NSSA External LSA – type 7

ASBR in a stubby area that needs to pass external routes back into the AS.  Stubby area needs to be reclassified as NSSA to allow those routes.

• ABR receives type 7 LSAs and forwards them as type 5 to the rest of the AS

• External LSA for BGP – type 8

•    Cost/Metric

•   100mbps/link speed = cost

Example  100mbps interface has cost 1
Unfortunately, 1000mbps interface also has cost 1

•    Auto-cost reference-bandwidth {ref bw} interface command to change this behavior

bandwidth {value} interface command to define actual bandwidth
ip ospf cost {value} interface command

•    Route summarization

Occurs at ABRs, relies on contiguous IP design
Area # range {addr | mask} advertise/not-advertise cost {#}
Router will create a summarized route to null 0
ASBR Summarization

Summary-address {addr | mask } tag router config command

• Default route

Default-information originate always metric {value}
Per Cisco, default metric of 10. 

OSPF Area Types
Standard Area

Accepts link updates, route summaries, and external routes

• Stub Area

Blocks type 5 LSAs.  No routes external to the AS.  If stubs need to connect to external AS, they use default routes.

• Totally Stubby Area

Blocks type 3, 4, and 5 LSAs.  No external AS, no summary routes.  Uses default route for everything outside of the local area.

• Not So Stubby Area

Acts like a stub/tsa but allows ASBR connected to it
ASBR in an NSSA generates type 7 LSA

ABR to NSSA translates Type 7 to Type 5 before passing along to the rest of the ASRoutes from Type 7 LSA show in routing table as O N1 or O N2 (type 2 is default)

• Stub/TSA/NSSA configuration

Area # stub router configuration command on all routers in area
Area # stub no-summary router configuration command on ABR for TSA
 area # nssa no-summary

• Virtual Links

Allow extension of Area 0 through another area
Area # virtual-link RID where RID is the RID of the neighbor on the other side of the VL
sho ip ospf virtual-links

•  Helpful commands

Sho ip ospf neighbor
Sho ip ospf database
Sho ip ospf adj  this is ADJ, not adjacency!!!!!!

Previous posts in our CCIE Study Guide Series are:

• EIGRP

35th RHCSS: Indian Air Force Employee

IPSR one of the largest and best training partners of Red Hat has produced one more RHCSS. Mr. Gerald Nathan who is a native of Tamil Nadu and Indian Air Force employee is the 35th RHCSS from IPSR.

RHCSS, an advanced level certification from Red Hat is a security certification that proves advanced skills to meet the security requirements of enterprise environment. Training for such advanced level certifications is not only focused on course syllabus, but also on how to get real work done. IPSR’s training modules prepared by expert faculty are specifically tailored based on industry needs. Such professionalized approach in each stage of training is the trademark of IPSR. With more than 10 years of experience and expertise, we are able to improve your skills to develop the precise instructed solutions that will highlight your future. RHCVA,  a certification program for virtualization administrators is also offered from IPSR.

Now through the addition of full placement assistance for our students, we combine the power of IT certifications and your skills. Our dedicated placement division called IPSR Career Centre helps you achieve a lucrative profession. IPSR, your trusted partner for IT certification and placement assistance will always grab best for you..

Lean to IPSR & Climb the Ladder of Success!!

 

It's a moment of joy for IPSR family, as we have bagged another prestigious result for RHCE Exam. 8 students got RHCE certification and most of them secured 100% score.  Getting RHCE Certification with 100% score is not an easy task.  Nothing can stop man from achieving goals; if he is leaning to the right direction.

IPSR has now become a global hub for those looking for an applauded training institution to prove and improve skills and talents. From the very beginning of Red Hat training programs, IPSR holds a long list of students who are entitled with various Red Hat certifications. Basic ideas and focus of our dedicated team always targets to achieve best results. Over the past few years, IPSR has grown to world’s best training institute with state-of –the art infrastructure. Along with dynamic progress in academics, IPSR also gives equal importance for research activities.

In this joyful moment we wish all our students hearty congratulations. Career centre of IPSR will help you at each stage to get dream jobs.

RHCE 6 courses are now available at IPSR.

Dream Jobs through IPSR

We are proud to announce that 33 students of IPSR got placed in various companies including top MNC’s through recruitment drives arranged by IPSR career centre. Congratulations!!